Studio Photography
A studio has no windows so there is no sunlight involved. Furthermore, there is no way for any unnecessary light to enter. The walls are white so that there is no colour. Many different techniques of lighting are used in studio photography.
"A softbox diffuses the light into a pleasing soft, even light. When used properly, it reduces harsh shadows. The closer the softbox is to the model or subject, the softer the light appears, emulating window light. The shape of a softbox can vary from rectangular to octagonal to square to a long strip of light. A softbox is comprised of translucent cloth and attached to a light source on a light stand. The cloth, white or silver for the interior and black for the exterior, is wrapped around a wire-framed box covered over the front with a diffusion panel. The black exterior prevents light from spilling out and reflecting back in the studio."
"Shoot through umbrellas are capable of producing very soft lighting, because they can be placed very close to the subject if required. Their downside is that the light is fairly uncontrolled, and about 40% of the light is reflected backwards, which can cause lens flare as well as adding to the loss of lighting control when light bounce off of nearby walls. Reflective umbrellas cannot produce such a soft light as a shoot through umbrella because the flash head is positioned between the umbrella and the subject, which prevents the umbrella from being really close to the subject. However, there is far less light spill than from shoot through umbrellas, and the light is more controlled.Reflective umbrellas are available in white, silver and gold. White produces the softest light, silver produces a harder, more specular light that can add drama and impact, and gold produces a similar result to silver, but of course with a gold tint."
"Reflectors are a head shot photographer's best friend. Placing opposite of your main light source creates a great bounce effect for fill light. You can also place a reflector in the subject's lap, or just in front of them at an angle, to soften all of the shadows under the eyes, chin, and to soften sharp features. Bouncing light off of a reflector will give a large, soft light source when working in or outside of the studio. It is one of the least expensive, yet highly versatile lighting tools in your arsenal. In as many sizes, shapes, and materials as you can think of, you are not likely to run out of options. Whenever a light source is available, whether it is an off-camera flash or the sunlight, a reflector will help focus and define your images."
Sources: http://www.lencarta.com/studio-lighting/umbrellas
http://improvephotography.com/11662/softbox/
https://www.slrlounge.com/how-to-use-a-reflector-for-photography/
Portrait Artists
David Bailey
David Bailey was born in Leytonstone, East London. He suffered from dyslexia and attended a private school. He dropped out at 15 and, after working a number of dead end jobs, he joined the Royal Air Force. When he was forced to leave his role and explore other creative outlets, he gained interest in photography.